Luminescent screen



April 28, 1942- H. w. WEINHART LUMINESCENT SCREEN Filed April 5, 1940 FLUORESCENT POWDER BUSTED 0N LAYER 0F MOIST ATOM/C SULPHUR. TUBE THEN EVACUATED WHILE LAYER IS STILL MOIST- lNl/EN TOR By H. W. WE/NHAR 7' r0 H 5 TANK rrmu VALVE A TTORNEV Patented 28, l u v,

- UNITED STATES PATENT oFFics.

' 2,280,939 LUMINESOENT SCREEN Howard w. Weinhart, Elizabeth, N. 1., iiiisi not to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation or New York Application April 5, 1940, Serial No. 327,959 .5 Claims. (01. 91-40) This invention relates to luminescent screens isproduced on the end wall of a cathode ray tube and more particularly to fluorescent screens and or other supporting member by burning hydrogen the method of coating these screens on supportsulphide and oxygen together in an inert atmosin; members. phere, the number of molecules of hydrogen sul- 1 It is an object of this invention to provide a 5- phide (Has) in the mixture being at least equal fluorescent screen having a novel binder. to the number ofmolecules of oxygen (02) there- .It is another object of this invention to provide in. After the thin film, consisting primarily of a novel method of coating fluorescent screens on atomic sulphur, is formed. it is dried and fluorsupporting surfaces by the use of sulphur as a r n P w r dusted h- T k f h bul binder. is then sealed on and the whole bulb nitrogen In the manufacture of cathode ray tubes, it is baked. It may then be baked in vacuum after frequently desired to use as a screen certainfiuwhi h the Sun of he tube is l d in and the orescing powders, such as mixtures of zinc and t b pumpedi cadmium sulphides activated with copper and The Present invention r te t n improvemanganese, this mixture producing a white lumil5 merit in t e c b n P o ess briefly denescence. These powders lose their fluorescent i scribed above and it s, accordingly, a u her efllciency when baked appreciably above 300 0, object of this invention to provide a screen which andsince it is desired to coat, in the usual case, is even o fi y adherent to the supp n the conical walls of the cathode ray tube with a member than are those pr by h calbiekconducting coating for a final anode member, Johnson process.

. the product known to the trade as aquadag and c y that if t m t p r aye p oduced which must be baked at 450 C. to remove volatile y burning hyd n ph e in Ox en -5 in he impurities, the fluorescent screen must be made calbick-Jehnsen Process i l w to remain in after the conducting coating is baked on in order 5 the Wet State. 1111016509 P dusted 0B the coating a bulb whic has an unsatisfactory screen rent Screen is Producedrequires thorough cleaning of the bulb interior, In Order 130 better understand the present appucation and baking-0n of t aquadag, and vention, the following equations should be confinally another coating of the fluorescent screen. Sideredone Teactmn between His and 02 is With powders of this type the coating methods described in the prior art have been unsuccessful 2H2S+SOTQHZO+ZSQZ (1) producing satisfactory screens The use of The reaction between sulphur dioxide and addisulphur as a binding material is suggested in an Has may be written as follows:

article by Mr. W. H. Kohl published in the Cana- 4H2S+2SO2- 4H2O+6S (2) dianJournal of Research, A13, page 126, 1935. In the method described in this article, a glass Equatmn 2 is the so'caued' Peachey macho Surface to be coated i c v ed W1 40 (named for its discoverer in 'the process'of vulnsoov, (believed to be i g g 'fi gfl g gi camzation of rubber). If equations 1 and 2 are and atomic sulphur) by immersing the glass sur added together it can be seen that ,face in a fiameof burning carbon disulphide 20+ (CS2). The fluorescent powder is then either This seems t6 indicate t t mixture to be du ted 0n 0 th p r eeveredfiulface e burned should consist of two parts of H23 plus one desired thickness or shaken in bulk over the sult of 0 A tually, it is very diificult to get a P 3 covered Surface the excess Powder being mixture so deficient in oxygen to burn in a nitron y P u off the surface In the method gen atmosphere (the atmosphere generally used). described in the Kohl article the thickness of the o th th r hand, a mixture rich enough such final screen is determined by the density of sulas tw parts of Has to three parts of 01 produces phur soot d po d- T e p ur is t en rethe reaction represented by Equation 1 and virmoved by evacuationeither by baking in vacuum tually no atomic sulphur. The film deposited on or in a gentle stream of flowing gas. The screen the-glass by this reaction is verywatery, unproduced by this method is not as firmly inherent doubtedly being mostly sulphurous acid (H2503) to} the surface of the glass as desired. It is impossible to produce a good screen by dust- In a process discovered by C. J. Calbick and ing fluorescent powder on such a film. Best re- Jji B, Johnson and d s d in a pe s ppl suits are obtained when the oxygen in the mixcation, Serial No. 327,958, filed April 6, 1940, a ture is reduced to a point where it will just burn thin film of sulphur (believed to be primarily in a nitrogen atmosphere and in this condition atomic sulphur andgiven the name haze film) the flame is long, flickering and bluish.

which coating is of any suitable material such as The P t n on is based upon the dis- I that the fluorescent emeienc of th powders film while it is still moist, the neck of the tube be maintained. This means that th screen t attached to thebulb and thetube evacuated while be satisfactory the first time it is made since rethe Screen is Still moist, then 8 mere firmly ei It can be seen from the above equations that portion of these two, and the resultant mixtureatomic sulphur and water are produced-by the I is supplied to the burner. The burning takes burning of drogen sulphide and oxygen toace in an atmosphere of nitrogen or other gether, although it can hardly be said that the suitable inert gas such as argon, neon or helium we is really a mixture of just water and 5 e oxygen (02) and the H28 are preferably bub atomic sulphur,'as in the reaction $02, which bled through water before they pass into the is highly soluble in water, is formed. Also some burner.

unburned HzS may be present. The invention .will be more readily understood Close packing is the primary reason for ady referring to the following description taken herence. -It should be pointed outflrst that it n connection with the accompanying'drawing no binder is used'in this process. Particles ading layer of this invention, although it is to be here to the glass and to each other simply beunderstood that any other appropriate apparacause of surface adhesion. To make a practical tus may be used-as well.

1 screen by this method it is necessary that the. Referring more particularly to the drawing,

particles have opportunity in the process emthe single figure shows, by way of example, a ployed to orient themselves so that relatively form of apparatus for carrying out certain of large surface areas of each particle are in close a the steps of the method of thi invention. In

glass or of other particles which in their turn ray tube 9 havin a duc n c a o are firmly adherent tothe glass by th operation the side walls thereof has an end wall H to which of surface forces. The result is what may be is to be applied a fluorescen screen y the methcalled a. close packed layer of fluorescent par od of this invention. Due to the fact that the ticles. In the settling method, the close packing fluorescent screen must be baked at a temperare lubricated by the liquid in which the par emperature for baking or about 5 C es have been suspended In the absence of o in s pla ed Wi hin the ube before the fluostages of its formation; water adheres to the c rd n e w h this inv ntionatomic sulphur strongly so that the carpet is fh W gases 2 and H r upph from really an intimate mixture of atomi u hu a the r sources (not shown) through a suitable d es not make the compound liquid. A wire M of any suitable material, such as plati The fluorescent powder is now dusted on the 1mm, is Sealed n its V r to upport it in a wet sulphur carpet and the operation of rather posi i n Wi n a larger c n l 1 h h melting complex surface i'orces'causes it to stick very point. glass which is sealed near its vertexto complete.

In one form of apparatus for formin the bind-' any other suitable bumer may be used as well.

the tube. Pipes leading to supplies of oxygen and 20, are the two tubes 2| and 22, preferably (o2) and hydrogen sulphide (H28) are connected of ass. whi h are n t d t r u h tub s 3 to the burner valve to produce the correct proand 24 to the bottles 25 and 26 containing water.

Rubber tubing 21 and 28 may be used to connect the tubes 2| and22 to the tubes 23 and 24, respectively. Tubes 29 and 30 leading through ting oil the oxygen supply'and finally the IrlzS valves(not shown) to tanks (not shown) of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide (I-hS) also project intothe bottles 25 and 26. .By this means the gas is. allowed to bubble through the water so that .by comparing the rateof bubbling the relative amounts of O: 'and ms in the resultant mixture may be observed andcontrolled. The operation of the apparatus shown in the drawing to produce a fluorescent screen by the method of thisinvention is as follows: With the burner formed by the members l3 l4, l5 'and I6 outside the flask or bulb 9 the H28 is turned on and the gas escaping, between the cones I3 and I5 ignited toproduce a ring-shaped flame. The oxygen (02) is then turned on and valved so that its rate of bubbling through the water bottle 25 is aboutone-half that of the rate of bubbling of the H23 through its water bottle 26. This produces a fairly hot blue flame. burning in air. The burner is then inserted in the phere. By Equation 3 above, the proper mixture r to be burned consists of two parts of H28 to one "part of 02. Actually, it is difllcult to get a mixture so deficient in oxygen to burn in a nitrogen atmosphere. On the other hand, a mixture rich in oxygen, such as two parts of H28 to three parts, of 02 produces the reaction shown by :The neck (not shown) ofthe tube is then sealed onto, the flask 9 and the, bulb is then -Equation 1 above and virtually no atomic sulphur. The film deposited on the glass .by the latter reaction is thin and watery and also invariably mostly sulphurous acid (H2803). It is impossible. to produce a good screen by dusting fluorescent powder on such 'a film. The best results are cbtained'when the oxygen in the mixture is reduced to a point where it will just burn in a nitrogen or other inert gas atmosphere. In I this condition the flame is long, flickering and bluish. As the oxygen content isincreased, the flame becomes short, intense and yellowish, the color presumably being due to sodium from the glass of the burner. When using the apparatus described above, it is very easy experimentally to adjust the flame to the correct condition. Fairly good films of atomic sulphur are obtained withmixtures such as three parts H28 and two parts of 02,- but poor fllms result if the number of parts of O2 is allowed to exceed the number .of parts of H2S (all parts are by volume). In

general, it .can be stated that the ratio of the number of molecules of H23 to the number of molecules ofOz should be between 1 to 1 and The burner is given a rotary motion by any suitable means, such as by hand, on the inside of the flask 9 in order to distribute the haze film of atomic sulphur more evenly upon the in-- sidesurface of the end wall ll of the flask 9. The topof the'flame is preferably kept fixed at from six to eight inches below the end H of.

the tube 9. Combustion is allowed to proceed for a period of about fifteen to thirty seconds At this point in the Calbick-Johnson process the flask is thoroughly flushed out with nitrogen before removal from the hood inorder to dry the thin film of'atomic sulphur. In the process according to the present invention, however, the atomic sulphur film which is moist is allowed to remain'in that condition, and the fluorescent powder dusted on the fllm while it is still moist. This may be done immediately or after the flask has had time to cool (although not long enough to dry the atomic sulphur bindinglayer). A suitable fluorescent powder isthat'known to the trade as No. fio powder manufactured by the Pat terson Screen Company. This powder is essen-' tially Zn-.-CdS activated with silver, copper and .manganese. Other suitable fluorescent powders are calcium tungstate or synthetic willemite.

evacuated for about three hours while the screen is still moist. The tube is then baked in an oven' in vacuum at about 300 C. which produces. a strongly adherent fluorescent screen. The electron gun is then sealed into the tube and it is then pumped to the required degree of vacuum.

The screens-obtained by this method will stand greater mechanical shock than those made by the method suggested in the Kohl article and briefly described above or .by those made by the Calbick-Johnson process; The method suggested in the Kohl article was reproduced and it was found that a screen obtained by such method will not stand the technique of rotating the tubeon a lathe in the process of sealing the neck of the tube to the bulb thereof. 'The screen formed by the method of this invention also does not have the disadvantage of the well-known silicate binder (the silicate dries oil so fast that mechanical adhesion when dusting on the fluorescent screen is irregular). While glycerine may be used in'combination with the silicate binder it has been found that when the glycerine is baked there is a reducing action and areasof non-uniformfluorescence are produced.-

.Close packing is the primary reason for adherence. In the settling method of forming a fluorescent screen, the close packing is the re- 'sult of gravitational surface adhesion forces acting upon the particles while they are lubricated by the liquid in which the particles have been suspended. In the absence of the liquid, as, for example, when the powder is simply dusted on a glass surface, the lack of lubrication prevents the formation of a close packed layer, and the resulting screen is only imperfectly adherent. In

the sulphur method, the atomic sulphur forms, a sort of carpet into which the fluorescent par+ These particles are very firmlyfat tached to the sulphur because atomic sulphur 1 exerts, unusually large surface adhesion forces] on other materials, and hence is very firmlyl ad g, herent both to the glass and to the particle When now the screen is baked, the atomic sulphur liquefles (at a temperature of 122 C.) and 'redistributes itself so that each of the particles ticles fall.

probably becomes covered with a film of atomic sulphur. At the same timethe atomic sulphurl is probably recombining to form molecularsul phur in the interstices between the particles. Since there is only a limited supply of sulphur, this last process may use up all the sulphur before all the particles are completely covered with the fllm of atomic sulphur. As the temperature is further raised, the sulphur begins to evaporate, probably first from the interstices where molecu- 'lar sulphur has been formed. The sulphur in these regions being liquid, particles are lubricated and orient themselves under the action of surface (and possibly gravitational) forces until,

tion used in the process in accordance with this invention, it must be remembered that an ex'-' ce'ss ,of water is formed in the vapor phase; this water vapor condenses upon the atomic sulphur carpet at all phases of its formation; the water adheres to the atomic sulphur strongly, so that the carpet is really an intimate mixture of water and atomic sulphur. The surface adhesion forces being very large, the wet sulphur layer is by no means a liquid layer. As an analogy, for example, the presence of water of crystallization in a crystalline chemical compound does not make the compound liquid. The fluorescent powder is now dusted on the wet sulphur carpet ,and the operation of rather complex surface forces causes it to stick very well. When baking begins, however, the water evaporates first and redistribution of the atomic sulphur occurs at a much lower temperature than in the dry process. Here again the liquefaction of rather low temwhich injuriously aifect the fluorescent properties. In the sulphur method each particle is surrounded by a layer of a sulphur, which has the eflect of preventing the liberation of metallic zinc and cadmium.

In comparing the wet and dry sulphur film methods, it should be pointed out that a wet film is always formed; the difference between the methods consists in whether or not this film is dried out (by a current of dry nitrogen or other dry gas) prior to the dusting on of the fluorescent powder. The dry method was developed first but it has been discovered that the wet method produces more firmly adherent fluorescent screens.

- After the completed screen has been formed it is believed to consistprimarily of the fluorescent powders themselves although there may be sulphur of the order of one molecule thick, which constitutes a binding layer because of close ad'- herence betweenthe fluorescent powder and the v glass end wall ll of the tube 9.

Obviously modifications may be made in the apparatus for-carrying out the method of this invention-without materially affecting the results. The time and temperatures stated above are not ,very critical and they may be varied somewhat from the values given above.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of binding fluorescent material to a supporting member comprising the steps of burning a mixture of hydrogen sulphide and oxygen to produce a. thin film of sulphur on the perature of crystalline chemical compounds containing water of crystallization might furnish a useful analogy. Thus the wet sulphur carpet" assumes liquid characteristics (that is, it melts") at a temperature of the order of perhaps 50 C. In this phase, each particle becomes completely covered with atomic sulphur, by the operation of assume the most favorable distribution over the surface.

millimeter.) As' the temperature is further raised the water evaporates, probably taking with it some of the sulphur, which has. an appreciable water vapor pressure even at 100 C. From this point on the process is the same as in the Calbick-Johnson method. First the sulphur liquefies, then evaporates and as this occurs, surface (Movement of each particle must 'be' considered as limited to a few thousandths of a,

, sulphur forces, and, moreover,- the particles can forces result in a final close packed arrangement.

Because of the more favorable distribution attained in the liquid phase between 50 C. and 100 C. the particles are believed to be more closely packed than in the dry process; and because of the greater mobility of the atomic sul-, phur in the mentioned-above liquid phase, the binder action of the final atomic sulphur layer assumed on each particle is more complete.

(Each particle has a greater chance of being completely covered.) The foregoing explanation of the process explains why the sulphur method supporting member for saidfluorescent layer, said burning also producing water, and applying fluorescent powder to the film while it is still moist.

2. A method of binding fiourescent material to a supporting member comprising the steps of burning a mixture of hydrogen sulphide and oxygen to produce a thin film of sulphur on the sup- 'porting member for said fiuorescentlayer, said burning also producing water, applying fluorescent powder to the film while it is still moist, and

= then baking the tube while the screen is still moist.

3. The method of producing a fluorescent screen on the end wallof acathode ray tube comprisingthe steps of burningv within the tube hydrogen-sulphide and oxygen to produce thereby on the-end wall of the tube a film'of sulphur particles'and water, applying fluorescent powder to the film while it is still moist, and evacuating the tube while the screen-is still moist. 4. The method of producing a fluorescent screen on the endwall of a cathode ray tube comprising the steps .of burning hydrogen sulphide and oxygen together to produce thereby on the end wall of the tube a film of sulphur particles and water, applying'fluorescent powder to the film while it is still moist, attaching 'a neck to the tube, evacuating the tube while the screen is still 'moist, and thenbaking the tube prevents degradation of the fluorescence during baking.- This degradation is a reduction chemical reaction, caused by the breakdown of the zinc and cadmium sulphides composing the fluorescent material. phur and leaves metallic zinc and cadmium This reduction removes sulin vacuum.

5,. A fluorescent screen for a supporting member comprising a thin binder layer of sulphur produced by burning hydrogen sulphide and oxygen together, and fluorescent powder bound to said supporting member by said binding layer by being dusted on said layer while it was. still moist,

said moisture being produced'by the burning to,-

gether of the hydrogensulphide and oxygen.

nowaan w. wnmnaar. 

